NS-3 allows such kinds of simulations by piping data from tap interfaces (a feature of virtual network devices provided by the Linux kernel that pass ethernet frames to and from user space) into the running simulation. A simulator might need to test how data behaves in a simulated network (i.e., testing the integrity of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic in a wifi network, how 5G data propagates across cell towers and user devices, etc. In some cases, however, it's not sufficient to simulate a network.
It has a high degree of capability to simulate various kinds of networks and user-end devices, and its Python-to-C++ bindings make it accessible for many developers. NS-3 is a mature, open-source networking simulation library with contributions from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Google Summer of Code, and others. When the underlying hardware is not a concern but the essential functions that it does is, software can be a viable alternative. For example, some hardware can be hard to get, expensive to set up, or beyond the skills of the team to implement. Sometimes, researchers and developers need to simulate various types of networks with software that would otherwise be hard to do with real devices.
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